ABSTRACT
Biofuels can be produced using pyrolysis, which, like gasification, involves heating biomass with limited oxygen supply. Types of biofuel include biodiesel, bioethanol, syndiesel or renewable diesel, methanol, dimethyl ether, and other fuels and fuel additives. Biomethane and hydrogen are gaseous fuels. Crop-based fuel consumption accounted for about 4.5% of total European Union transport fuel demand in 2011. The deployment of natural gas vehicles has started to grow rapidly, particularly during the last decade, reaching shares of 25% and more of the total vehicle fleet in countries including Bangladesh, Armenia and Pakistan. The emissions from transporting biofuels are comparable to those for transporting conventional fuels. The unwanted emissions resulting from the change of use of land to growing biofuels are called indirect land-use change emissions. The International Energy Agency roadmap says that scale and efficiency improvements will reduce costs to make most biofuels competitive with fossil fuels by 2030.
