ABSTRACT
The modern conception of stakeholder management can be seen in the notions of corporate social performance and corporate citizenship. The challenge of managing corporate stakeholders—understood as individuals or groups who are affected by or affect the organisation—has been a long and arduous task for business executives. Managers continued to struggle with managing the expanding list of organisational stakeholders. Scholars began to investigate more deeply the nature and impact of thee stakeholders on organisations. In response to the new challenges placed on businesses to manage corporate stakeholders, Robert Miles devised a data-collection framework to help executive leaders understand and manage the social turbulence. The final component in Miles's framework is the corporation's internal organisational arrangements, which focus on how corporations organise their business activities to manage stakeholder relations within the corporate social environment. D.W Greening and R.A. Johnson studied the characteristics of the top-management team related to the ability of the team to deal with environmental crises effectively.
