ABSTRACT
This chapter describes a number of successful applications of industry involvement in co-treatment with municipalities, both in developing countries and in Europe and the USA. It identifies lessons learned from the experience to date and suggests additional steps to promote use of joint-use municipal–industrial co-treatment strategies to expand coverage of urban water and waste-water treatment needs. The chapter describes that the Poseidon projects were developed jointly with Pemex, municipalities hosting Pemex refineries and private investors. Compared with municipal project sponsors, private companies providing water services to private clients are able to generate higher revenues from treatment and are more likely to be paid for their services, raising project sustainability and, therefore, financiability. To address water management concerns, the Mexican government passed major environmental reforms in the mid-1990s. In 1992 the Swiss agribusiness multinational Nestle bought a factory in Hungary.
