ABSTRACT
The Russian Revolution produced the concept of "peoples' democracy" adapted from Jacobinism with its vanguard cadres and elite class of bureaucrats who presumably ruled in the name of the people. The former dominated the partially successful revolution of 1905 and the first stages of the 1917 revolution, from March when Alexander Kerensky and his government took power until October when they were overthrown by Lenin and the Bolsheviks. Cooperatives were formed through mutual association and pact on the basis of equality. Many contemporary political systems have the character of conquest rather than covenant and show it. At the same time, many such systems also emphasized forms of collectivism which are usually promoted in the names of equality, brotherhood, communitarianism, and national solidarity. Cooperation was most prominent in the Scandinavian countries or wherever Scandinavians settled in the world.
