ABSTRACT
This chapter describes a comparison of unlikes both in the vocational educational spheres, and in the spheres involving coordination of governmental activities. The degree to which vocational skills are imparted to young people in the context of school-related programs is much more extensive in the Swiss, as well as the German cases than it has come to be in Japan. The Japanese provide such training mainly through full-time vocational high schools with a heavier academic component. In Germany the full-time teachers in the Berufschulen are also recruited from among university-trained personnel, but the majority of the part-time instructors primarily hold credentials of the dual system, like the Swiss. Several developments in the late twentieth-century European societies have enhanced its acceptability. One is that structures like works councils, and the German pattern of labor co-determination, have provided means through with the tradition of "social partnership" could be exemplified through cooperation of labor and management in the operation of the dual system.
