ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses prominent forms of peer evaluation having regard to explicit or implicit power sharing between the main players. It looks at different forms of peer evaluation and their respective evaluative positions, which lead to varying sources of power. The chapter also analyzes traditional forms of peer review in science. It explains three different prominent forms of peer evaluation and also discusses the peer evaluation mechanisms, including their contexts, underlying rules, and institutional settings. The term "peer evaluation" has not been consistently defined and there is no single method but rather a family of methods. The terms "peer review" and "peer evaluation" are often used synonymously, as they are in this text, but the former is more widespread. Peer review can vary a lot, depending on whether it is an outside or inside view. The EU introduced peer evaluation as an instrument of the open method of coordination (OMC) within different policy fields.
