ABSTRACT
The emphasis on innate, universal behaviours is continued in this chapter of dominance and affiliative behaviours to be used for coding observations. These behaviours have been chosen with an eye to assembling data which, although collected in one culture, are suitable material on which to base universal hypotheses. Within different cultures relationships of dominance and affiliation are negotiated using words and gestures, many of which are unique to that culture. Further evidence of the interdependence of physiology, psychology, and affect behaviour is 'mood induction', a well-established phenomenon in which subjects emit the same emotion observed in another, as when the sound of a baby's cry releases crying in newborn babies. A non-verbal behaviour's signalling role is context-dependent. For example, depending on context, a smile may express not only happiness but dominance, subordination, and greeting, and may be used instrumentally to communicate these meanings.
