ABSTRACT
Max Weber was preeminently a scholar and an uncommonly rigorous one. His work expresses what two of his most perceptive critics, Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, have called the "pathos of objectivity" in its combination of intellectual discipline with intense but restrained passion. If Marxist determinism is grounded in economic relations—the unfolding of the internal contradictions of capitalism—Weber's determinism was essentially political, based on the indispensability of bureaucratic organization that concentrates power in the hands of the few who control the apparatus. Socialism in modern mass societies, far from ushering in a stateless and classless utopia, could only accelerate bureaucratization by merging political and economic power and replacing competition among private capitalists with the domination of public officials and planning boards. New religious and social movements seeking to transform men and the world are the primary settings for the emergence of charismatic leaders.
