ABSTRACT
. d. ( 2 ) L E C T U R E F O U RThe habit may be either sensitive or intellectual. But the Freudian analysis fails to distinguish between the sensitive and the intellectual preconscious (sensitive and intellectual habit).(3) Unconscious = the vegetative needs which have not yet become cognitively determined. (The unconscious is the pure id. The organized id may consist either of preconscious desires or repressed complexes, etc.) In a broader conception of the instinctive, the unconscious includes all the powers of the soul as undetermined by habit and as naturally appetitive, i.e., as tending to their appropriate acts.Habits belong either to the preconscious or the repressed unconscious.(4) Repressed unconscious = habitual desires which achieve motility without ideational representation and issue in all forms of overt conduct without the control of reason. The repressed tendencies may be temporarily barred from motility by the opposition of reason, but such interference is never permanent, nor does it abolish the tendency [55].e. The ego and the super-ego = the distinction between the speculative and the practical reason, between reason as knowing the truth and reason as using the truth for the purposes of action.(1) Here, as we shall later see, the Freudian analysis is poorest, because it fails to understand the identity of reason as knowing and reason as prescribing, or directing or commanding, action. As a result of its questionable genetics, the Freudian account of the super-ego separates it from the ego, and makes it a secondary function of ego and id.(2) In one important point here the Freudian analysis is correct. The super-ego is related to the id as the practical reason (the reason as moralistic) is to the appetitive part of the soul. The Freudian, however, fails to distinguish the rational appetite from sensuality, the will from the passions.( 3) And the Freudian analysis is bad in so far as it makes the super-ego a function of the id in relation to prevailing social conventions as these are learned by the ego. This reduces morality to mere conformity to the tribal mores. From the point of view of Freud109
