ABSTRACT
Otto Habsburg, one of the Austrians already living abroad in March 1938, called for armed resistance in a protest published in Paris on 15 March. With the growth of Austrian resistance research, scholars of modem history in Austria have also been forced to confront the question of terminology. During the first half of the 1980s, an Austrian historian of the next generation developed a tripartite model of resistance that resembles the work of Richard Lowenthal. It established the following classifications that include political resistance, social protest, and deviant behavior. As far as the victims of the resistance put up by the official Church—that is to say, the clergy—there are, in contrast to almost all other resistance groups, precise figures available. The first link-up of a resistance unit with Russian front-line troops came on 9 April; later that day, the red-white-red flag was flying from saint Stephan's steeple and the Palais Auersperg.
