ABSTRACT
One of the basic laws of physics is that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. The laws of society are not that simple. Yet it is safe to say that in "social physics" there are numerous examples of changes provoking reactions. This chapter discusses some of the principal sources of opposition that new Americans faced as they sought to deal with those who set the rules and often served as "gatekeepers". Many were members of that social category Seymour Martin Lipset refers to as the "once-hads"- persons who feared or felt they were losing control of "their" society. The chapter concentrates on reactions to such movements as Black Power by those once removed from the centers of influence and control, the so-called White ethnics. In most of the cities where the white working class is ethnic, in the Northeast and Midwest particularly, common origin is reflected in distinctive neighborhoods.
