ABSTRACT
In this chapter, the author shows how the consequences of modernization from within and especially the persistence of the aristocracy eventually produced the rise of socialist labor movements. He explains the absence of such labor movements with reference to the consequences of modernization from without. The author turns to modernization from without in order to contrast its consequences, especially for the aristocracy, to those of modernization from within, he can at first generalize very broadly about much of what is often called the non-Western world. Modernization from without became effective only when its source was an already industrialized country. The higher aristocracy, however, tends to benefit from and to favor modernization from without in its early stages. Governing native aristocracies may not only help advance modernization from without by cooperating with colonialism, they may even on their own, in the hope of strengthening themselves, seek to modernize some aspects of their underdeveloped societies.
