ABSTRACT
Little has been written specifically on architectural ethics, and what is available has generally taken one of three approaches. The first, and oldest, of these presents ethics through the lens of professional practice. From early times, architects and builders have been seen as upholders of human welfare, and social codes regulating their activities were an expression of moral values canonized through laws. The Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi, written in 1754 B.C., laid out punishments for professional negligence or incompetence, stipulating for example that the builder of a structure that collapsed and killed its occupant would likewise be put to death (cited in Ching and Winkel 2012, 2).
