ABSTRACT
Hollis R. Lynch, J. E. Casely Hayford, and James Africanus Horton had all proposed a pan-African education since the mid-1800s and the early 1900s. Kwame Nkrumah asserted that western education in Africa 'indoctrinated' Africans to internalize that they had no history that was worth talking about or teaching. Though he himself had been well educated under the British and American systems, he later came to see those systems as anachronistic for his nationalistic and pan-African schemes. Colonial education, according to Julius Mwalirnu Nyerere, was not only "inadequate", but was also "inappropriate for the new state" of Tanzania, which needed to develop 'rapidly', under African Socialism, in which self-reliance, family, hospitality, expectation of care. Amilcar Cabral, the Afro-Marxist revolutionary of Portuguese Guinea-Bissau in West Africa, recognized that the fight to liberate Guinea-Bissau from Portuguese colonialism unearthed several contradictions within Guinea-Bissau society.
