ABSTRACT
This chapter operates within the traditional UK distinction between international espionage, domestic security, and policing as law enforcement described, while acknowledging that this is a simplification. It starts by considering whether there is even value in discussing ethics and intelligence before looking at a number of ethical frameworks that have been suggested as meeting this need. The chapter looks at the just war tradition and its critics as the most promising way forward. It considers two particular ethical challenges to the targets of espionage: leaders of "friendly" states, and the collection of intelligence regarding people who do not pose a threat to the state. The chapter looks at the ethics of the more "hands off" intelligence work, such as signals intelligence (SIGINT), rather than questioning how we should approach more coercive techniques. It considers ethical issues surrounding international espionage the covert surveillance between states of each others' activities.
