ABSTRACT
A theoretical error behind substantial real-world problems and those real-world problems are behind the theoretical error. The solution proposed is theoretical, though it is driven by, and is directed at, reality. Noncitizens bear the burdens of inadequate theory and its implications for the real world. At the same time, there are not yet mechanisms through which noncitizens qua noncitizens can impact upon this situation. The role of race and of domination in the construction of modern citizenship and liberal theory more generally must be part of understanding its limitations. Noncitizenship and citizenship are not mutually exclusive. Recognising this makes it possible to identify and to address discrimination within the system in a new way. Noncitizenism draws attention to the substantial obligation-generating relationship between noncitizens and States, showing that noncitizen rights are not purely humanitarian in nature, and are not supererogatory, but are part of a just institutional arrangement.
