ABSTRACT
In establishing the theoretical framework of the research, this chapter defines ethno-symbolism within the wider context of theories of nationalism, focusing on its relevance to plural (or divided) societies. It applies this approach to understand divisions between unionists and nationalists in Ireland (and later Northern Ireland) from the twelfth century, with a particular focus on the post-partition (from 1921) era. The chapter then considers ethno-national identity in Northern Ireland and uses an ethno-symbolist framework to explore the characteristics of unionism and nationalism, focusing on the identity symbolism of each, such as flags, emblems, songs and commemorations. It also recognises that not everyone in Northern Ireland identifies as either unionist or nationalist, and discusses the existence of a Northern Irish identity, whilst recognising the limitations to its extent. The chapter also includes a historical background to the respective unionist, nationalist and non-sectarian political parties analysed in the book. Finally, it concludes that ethno-symbolism is a useful framework to explain the continued importance of unionism and nationalism in Northern Ireland, as the key historical characteristics of each, the meanings of which are malleable but the form of which remains fixed, unite members in a way that a common Northern Irish identity lacks the ability to do.
