ABSTRACT

It is essential to tailor policy approaches to take account of the motivations that propel state and non-state groups to buy from North Korea in the sanctions era. This chapter considers the policy tools and offers guidelines regarding those that are most likely to dissuade customers in the 'resilient', 'reluctant' and 'ad hoc' categories. Dissuasion strategies focusing on resilient customers should involve a mixture of different policy tools, including interdiction, public pressure and sanctions. Reluctant customers may require dissuasion strategies that centre primarily on threats of penalties, private pressure, conditional incentives and assistance in finding alternative supply. The approaches outlined in this chapter can serve as a general framework for dissuading resilient, reluctant and ad hoc clients from continuing their sanctions-busting trade. This framework can assist sanctions implementers in closing North Korea's existing revenue streams from weapons-related imports.