ABSTRACT
Scientific advancement and ongoing security requirements have led to the development of new forms of biometric identification. This chapter describes the introduction of new and emerging biometric modalities, including advancements in physiological and behavioural biometric modalities. It considers new developments in physiological forms of identification, including ear, vascular, ocular and voice recognition. The chapter then reviews the developing field of behavioural biometrics, including a discussion of gait recognition, keystroke dynamics and cognitive biometrics. It also outlines the principles, application and issues associated with each new biometric modality, demonstrating a range of possible applications in crime and security, including advantages and disadvantages that should be considered. Physiological traits used for the purposes of biometric identification are known as 'first generation' biometrics. Vein or vascular pattern recognition (VPR) involves the imaging, extraction and comparison of subcutaneous vascular networks located under the skin, usually in hands and fingers, for the purposes of verifying identity.
