ABSTRACT
During General Zia's regime, the energies of the youth, indoctrinated by the Jamaat-e Islami of Pakistan (JI),12 were directed towards pursuingjehad in Afghanistan, and later in other areas such as J&K. Having failed to wrest Kashmir by means of direct armed conflicts, Pakistan helped raise the slogans of jehad and Nizam-e Mustafa, and opted for a low cost proxy war by sponsoring violence. Although the JI as an organization was never as popular in the Valley as it hoped to be mainly because Islam had come there through the Sufi influence, the Zia years may, nevertheless, be credited with laying the justification and groundwork for the later violence among the Muslim community. Beginning with Zia, and especially after the ouster of commanders like General Jahangir Karamat, the Pakistan Army itself, one of the leading components of power structure in the country, became more and more Islamicized. Fundamentalists like Lieut. General Javid Nasir, an ex-chief of the lSI, wielded a lot of influence.
