Introduction

In designing robot ethics, programmers could be accused of incorporating their own biases involving gender, sexual orientation, race, religion, or cultural tradition. If programmers design robots to be a sampler platter of various moral intuitions and principles, they risk creating a real-life version of Plato's democratic man, lacking any constitution to its decisions. Moral dilemmas are cases where harms to one person or group are inevitable, so an agent must decide which harm is worse. The solutions to moral problems are transcendent of culture. Perhaps the only way to objectively solve moral problems is by understanding the function of morality. As the most effective solution to cooperation problems, Contractarianism contains the universal features of the moral psychology and extends them consistently to non-cooperative contexts like moral dilemmas. In principle, solutions to the problem of cooperation could be generated without reference to any historical traditions, texts, or intuitions.