ABSTRACT
Executive functions (EFs) are higher-order cognitive abilities, including working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, that help individuals plan, think abstractly, organize, set goals, and act intentionally. Recent scientific advances suggest that EFs are important for lifelong success and overall health. Drawing evidence from both human and animal research, this chapter discusses the ontogeny of EFs, highlighting how social environments, particularly in early life, “tune” the neurobiological and hormonal aspects of EFs. Applied work indicates that the development of EFs in conditions of stress or adversity is compromised. However, new research indicates that there may be opportunities for repair through intervention.
