ABSTRACT
We describe the origins of research on HPA axis function in relation to early adversity and associated interventions. We then discuss theory and evidence for the impacts of stressors on HPA axis function across development and their relevance to adjustment. A review of the impacts of interventions on the HPA axis is provided, along with conceptualizations of HPA axis assessments for future research. We further discuss evidence for the importance of multisystem (i.e., immune system, gut microbiome, and autonomic nervous system) approaches alongside HPA axis measures to better understand the effects of early adversity and interventions on development.
