ABSTRACT
Travel demand management (TDM) may be used as a policy tool to address many different types of urban transportation problems. Chief among these are traffic congestion and air pollution. Broader concerns regarding urban mobility, iibility and more efficient methods of resource allocation in the public and private sectors may also be addressed. Each transportation technology has its own unique air pollution characteristics. Some shifts in travel demand may reduce vehicle travel while increasing emissions. Consider the shift from automobile to bus. Metropolitan planning organizations often are stymied in their attempts to implement TDM programs Lack of local interest and cooperation, state sovereignty issues, and federai funding restrictions ali play a part in this. Public response to parking and road pricing is often negative. This could be reduced through efforts to mitigate the consequences of the pricing of these nominally free goods. California counties affected by congestion management requirements rely on level of service measurements as their performance standard of choice.
