ABSTRACT
The 1863 instructions for the government of armies of the United States of America in the field, known after their author as the Lieber Instructions for the Government of Armies, had a great influence on the shaping and codification of the laws of war. They provided an example for the codification, at the international level, of the law concerning cultural property. As part of the process of the development of rules concerning the protection of cultural property in time of war, mention must also be made of the Manual of the Institute of International Law, entitled The Laws and Customs of War on Land, adopted at the session held in Oxford in 1880. The two international peace conferences held in 1899 and 1907 nevertheless played a particularly pioneering role in the development of the protection of cultural property in time of war.
