ABSTRACT
This Chapter describes the effectiveness of the international legal framework for land-based sources of marine pollution (LBSMP) control. It commences with an examination of the principles of customary international law relevant to resolution of LBSMP problems. The participants unanimously adopted the Washington Declaration on Protecting the Marine Environment from Land-based Sources and a Global Program of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities. In relation to marine pollution control, the preamble of the London Convention obliged the Contracting Parties to promote the effective control of all sources of marine pollution. A specific principle on the prevention and control of marine pollution was adopted and, for the first time, the urgent necessity for control of LBSMP was explicitly recognised in a soft law. Control of LBSMP can only effectively be achieved by the creation of an integrated management regime.
