ABSTRACT
Edward A. Synan, 'The Pope's Other Sheep', The Religious Roles of the Papacy: Ideals and Realities 1150-1300,ed. Christopher Ryan, Papers in Mediaeval Studies 8 (Toronto, 1989), 389-412, at 390-1 (hereafter: Ryan, Papacy). Cf. Thomas F. X. Noble, 'Morbidity and Vitality in the History of the Early Medieval Papacy', Catholic Historical Review 81 (1995):505-40, an essay of much value for the later history of the papacy as well. The best general studies are I. S. Robinson, The Papacy 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation (Cambridge, 1990) (hereafter: Robinson, The Papacy); Werner Malezcek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216. Die Kardindle unter Coelestin III. und InnocenzIIL (Vienna, 1984) and Colin Morris, The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050
One aspect of Synan's second danger is illustrated by the famous observation of Baronius that often seems to inform much of the work of the late Walter Ullmann and others, that there is 'one spirit among all Roman pontiffs'.2
