ABSTRACT
In the age of antiquity of the aerospace industry (that is, prior to the 1950s), programs involving cooperation among several companies or governments were unusual. Joint programs were not often necessary. Aerospace technology was accessible to large numbers of medium-sized companies. Development costs of new aircraft and equipment were low enough to be affordable by independent business entities. The pan-nationalism trend of the late twentieth century had not yet taken hold, and cooperative international industrial programs had not yet become a normal way of doing business.
