ABSTRACT
SimonedeBeauvoironcesaidofWomanthat'ifshedidnotexist,menwould haveinventedher'(p.201).Dickens'sDavidCoppeifieldillustratesthe investmentmadebymenininventingmale'others,'thosesourcesofdifference thatareconstantlyproducedandthencrushedfromwithinthegenderdivide. Contemporarystudiesofmasculinityhavebeenfocusing,forsometimenow, on'theplayofdifferencewithinaswellasacrossgendersandsexualities' (Adams,'Banality,'p.208).Butwhiletheprocessofintra-genderanalysis isrecent,thisactofdefinitionitselfisancient.DanielBoyarinnotesthatin Cicero,anidealofself-control,orcontinentia,consistsofavoidingbehaviour whichisparumvirile,unmanly(p.95).DavidCoppeifieldillustratesthis processwherebyhegemonicmasculinitydefinesitselfagainstwomenbut alsoagainstwhateveris'unmanly.'
