ABSTRACT
As will be recalled from the opening pages of this study, total world consumption of energy in 1995, the most recent year for which complete data is available, ran in the vicinity of 8,300 MTOEs--million tons of oil equivalent.1 Again, MTOEs represent not the amount of oil actually consumed, but the conversion into oil of all forms of energy utilized by consumers. Looking more carefully, of the 8,300 MTOEs, 5,794 actually represented consumption by end users? The overwhelming bulk of the difference between total energy consumption and that consumed by end users was reflected in the fact that the electrical energy demanded by the patrons of electrical generating facilities required those facilities to consume energy not converted into delivered electrical power. Specifically, the figures for 1995 indicate that in the generation of electricity, generating plants consumed 3,091 MTOEs3 to meet consumer demands for electricity at the level of 932 MTOEs.4 This suggests an average efficiency rate world-wide of about 30% at generating facilities.5 In other words, given the state of technology extant at electrical power generating plants in 1995, roughly three times as much raw, non-electrical energy had to be "input" as was converted to the electricity "output" supplied to and consumed by end users. When the 3,091 MTOEs "input" by such facilities is adjusted downward for losses and then added to the 5,794 MTOEs of energy consumed by others, the total consumption figure of 8,300 MTOEs is approached
Concentrating only on the 5,794 MTOEs of energy actually consumed by end users in 1995, 897 MTOEs, or approximately 15%, came from solid fuels, predominately coal; 2,678, or about 46%, from oil; 1,019 from natural gas, for roughly 18%; 932 MTOEs, or 16%, came from electricity; and, 268 from heat, making up basically 5% of all energy consumed.6 Projections suggest that by 2010 total final consumption of energ by end users world-wide could reach slightly in excess of 7,900
304InternationalEnergyLaw
MT0Es.7Thepercentageallocationsamongthevariousfuelsarenot expectedtowitnessanyrealchangeduringthatperiod.Itisanticipated, however,thatthespecificMTOEfigureswillchangeto1,141forsolids fuels,especiallycoal;3,637foroil;1,349fornaturalgas;1,477for electricity;and,318forheat8
Fromthestandpointofhowthe1995MTOEtotalof5,794was distributedamongtheOECDcountriesofEurope,NorthAmerica(U.S.and Canada),andthePacific(Japan,Australia,andNewZealand),which collectivelyaccountedfor54%ofthatyear'sworldtotalfinalenergy consumption,NorthAmericatookup1,581MTOEs,for27%oftheworld total;9Europe,1,120MTOEs,for20%;10andJapan,Australia,andNew Zealand,424MTOEs,for7%.11By2010,projectionssuggestthatNorth Americawillaccountforapproximately1,836MTOEsofworldtotalfinal energyconsumption,placingthoseOECDnations(U.S.andCanada)at roughly23%ofthetotal.12Thatsameyearitisexpectedthatconsumption withintheEuropeanOECDnationswillrunat1,403MTOEs,for18%of thetotal,13andat516MTOEs,for6%ofthetotal,withtheOECD Pacific.14
