ABSTRACT
By the 1980s, the old formulas no longer seemed to work. Planning had created cities and housing estates that were now part of the problem rather than a solution. Planning continued, but in a way that largely repudiated its previous style of intervention. Planning had become more fragmented, more varied in its aims and more likely to support market processes (Brindley et al. 1989). Even more importantly in terms of the history of ideas, the shift in direction in planning in Britain paralleled shifts and crises in planning in other countries and overlapped broader doubts about the legacy of twentieth-century culture and politics (Sandercock 1998).
