Domesticating and Transnationalizing ODA Policy: NGO Agendas and Limits to Change

What happens when activist citizens' organizations in Japan pressure their government ministries to implement ODA conditionalities in specific contexts? Passive support for ODA appears to be the optimal government response. Despite that apparent passivity, "a dramatic drop in support would make it more difficult for the Foreign Ministry to rationalize more aid spending with the Ministry ofFinance" (Orr, Jr., and Koppel1993:7).