ABSTRACT
The very type of the engineer with his characteristic outlook, ambitions, and limitation was here created. That synthetic spirit which would not recognize sense in anything that had not been deliberately constructed, that love of organization that springs from the twin sources of military and engineering practices, the aesthetic predilection for everything that had been consciously constructed over anything that had "just grown," was a strong element which was added to-and in the course of time even began to replace-the revolutionary ardor of the young poly technicians .... It was in this atmosphere that Saint-Simon corrceived some of the earliest and most fantastic plans for the reorganization of society, and ... it was at the Ecole Poly technique where, during the first twenty years of its existence, Auguste Comte, Prosper Enfantin, Victor Considerant, and some hundreds of later Saint-Simonians and Fourierists received their training, followed by a succession of social reformers throughout the century down to Georges Sore!' (Hayek 1955, 113 [1941-44])
Two Centuries of Planning Theory: An Overview 17
Making complex designs that are implemented over a long period of time and continually modified in the course of implementation has much in common with painting in oil. In oil painting, every new spot of pigment laid on the canvas creates some kind of pattern that provides a continuing source of ideas to the painter. The painting process is a process of cyclical interaction between painter and canvas in which current goals lead to new applications of paint, while the gradually changing patterns suggest
. new goals. (Simon 1982 [1969], 187)
Two Centuries of Planning Theory: An Overview 19
FIGURE 1.2 (continued)
22 JOHN FRlEDMANN
REFERENCES
Mannheim, K. 1949a [1929]. Ideology an'd utopia. New York: Harcourt-Brace. ___ . 1949b [original edition 1940. London: Kegan Paul]. Man and society in
Foreign Language Press.
