ABSTRACT
The multi-level governance (MLG) approach has not received much attention within research on European foreign and security policy. This is not surprising, as in the past researchers instead concentrated on the lack of such policy, which was not difficult to explain within the traditional international relations frameworks. Due to the central position of security apparatuses for modern nation states, integration within this sector was seen as a threat to the statehood of member states of the European Union (EU). Stanley Hoffmann (1983, p. 37), for instance, argued that security integration was much more demanding than economic integration. Hedley Bull, in turn, emphasized the capacity of nation states to inspire loyalty among their citizens and to make war. According to him a multinational entity like the European Community by definition did not have that capacity and therefore was doomed to be a weak international actor (Bull, 1983, p. 163).
