ABSTRACT
The antagonism between modern science and religion especially Islam is not new especially on issues relating to ethics and applications. This chapter shows that the concrete Islamic methodologies in approaching the mathematics of optimization, elementary finance mathematics, and an aspect of physical mathematics produce significant progress in the subject matter of the contemporary mathematics. It discusses the etymologies of optimum, extremum, minimum and maximum which are obviously value-laden. According to Tikhomirov, the first problem of optimization is the problem faced or posed by a Greek scholar to determine the best place to build a port along a shore such that it would be most convenient for all the people in the inland. The second optimization problem is truly the manifestation of subscribing a philosophy of nature. The third and last simplest optimization problem is the Newton's problem of determining the best shape of a three dimensional moving object created by the Christian God.
