ABSTRACT
Professional batik artists began to establish themselves and serious batik books for amateurs and scholars were published. These included, among others, Annegret Haake (1984), Hildegard Santner (1979), Miep Spee (1977), Ursin and Kilchmann (1979) and Yding (1979). Haake's contribution was well researched and included an overview of the development and history of Indonesian batik; she commented 'Occidental batiks want to be considered as artistic expressions ... '. An effort was made to incorporate batik techniques and it was taught as part of the official art curriculum in schools. Both in hobby arts and crafts programmes and in the school curriculum, one did not only teach pelangi (tie dye), but emphasized instead the use of wax-resist.
