ABSTRACT
The unravelling of Himalayan structure is very far from complete perhaps less complicated than those of the Alps but much thicker and deeper-rooted, have been traced. There is naturally a great variety of structures and of tectonic relationships. The structure of the northwestern syntaxis has been elegantly educed by Dr D. N. Wadia: put briefly, the Tertiary folding has wrapped itself round a projection of Gondwanaland, indicated for example by the outcrop of old rock in the Kirana Hills. The famous Vale of Kashmir lies between the Great Himalaya and the most westerly range of the Lesser Himalaya, the Pir Panjal; uplift has been very considerable since the mid-Pleistocene. The Pir Panjal crest is merely a residual ridge on a broad plateaulike surface, and its accidented relief is due mainly to glaciation. Garwood suggested that there was isostatic uplift consequent on the relief from load afforded by the shrinking of Himalayan glaciers.
