ABSTRACT
Plant-based diets often contain low amounts of calcium, vitamin D, and protein, and also insufficient contents of other nutrients related to bone metabolism, such as vitamin B12, zinc, and n-3 fatty acids. In accordance, bone mineral density (BMD) may be negatively impacted and the risk of osteoporosis increased. However, most studies have shown that vegetarians are not at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis than people following nonvegetarian diets. This may be explained by the fact that plant-based diets include dairy products and also have nutritional factors that could contribute to the accretion and maintenance of adequate bone, such as the low acid load and the high intake of potassium and polyphenols. Vegans who do not include dairy products are at a higher risk for osteoporosis. Nutritional recommendations include the use of fortified foods and supplements to supply adequate amounts of nutrients related to bone health.
