ABSTRACT
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book demonstrates that, while appealing, the modernist-apologetic approach failed to coherently establish the possibility of a revelation-based society that enjoys all the benefits of a doubt-based, rationalist and modern society. It examines the coherence of an Islamic approach that finds its roots primarily in late nineteenth century Egypt, and was passed down, loyally, through several generations. The histories of science and of Islamic law, including modernist-apologists' engagements with both fields, demonstrate these assumptions to be false. The major lacuna in works authored by modernist-apologists is their neglect of the problems of scientific certainty and political reference. Modernist-apologetic treatments of science betrayed that they take for granted the existence of scientific certainties, while their treatment of politics betrayed that they take for granted the existence of decisive, absolutist and unanimously agreed-upon divine laws.
