ABSTRACT

This chapter focuses on the context in which the negotiations on the Iranian nuclear program were initiated. The process lasted for 12 years, until 2015, when the final deal was agreed upon. The negotiations were tough, and all but frozen at times. Without proof that nuclear material had been diverted to military uses, the negotiations focused on uranium enrichment to weapon-grade level. The chapter explores persuasive engagement (2003-2005), coercive containment (2006-2010), the dual track (2010-2013) and the political will (2013-2015). Iran was ready for implementation. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) issued its final report on the past and present issues (IAEA, 2015) on December 2, 2015 which the Board approved on December 15. The implementation of the deal was begun on January 16, 2016, the Implementation Day.