The Fifth Crusade marked a new departure in that the preaching extended to the Latin East itself. The king of Jerusalem, John of Brienne, King Hugh I of Cyprus and Bohemond IV of Antioch all took the cross, with many of their leading barons. Although this reflected Innocent III’s conception of the crusade as a penitential enterprise to be undertaken by the whole of Christendom, it was to raise thorny problems of leadership. Frederick II’s failure to appear in Egypt in 1221 may have cost the crusade dearly, but it enabled both emperor and pope to avoid the potentially embarrassing question of authority. When Frederick did eventually fulfil his vow, in 1229, it was on his own terms, in pursuit of his own objectives and, ultimately, without the cooperation of the papacy. The barons of the kingdom of Jerusalem in the thirteenth century have not, on the whole, had much sympathy from historians.