ABSTRACT
People, organizations, social groups, and even countries insult each other every day. Many believe that people offend each other out of frustration, because of bad manners, or simply as a result of the satisfaction they gain from hurting other people. Similarly, Donald Trump’s insults are commonly perceived to be a reflection of his aggressiveness, incivility, and impoliteness. However, not all the insults he uses are equal or even similar.1 Some insults target the positive image of others or deny them certain rights. Some insults create distance between Trump and other people or blame them for actions taken by Trump. Some insults emphasize Trump’s power over others or present other people as illegitimate or untrustworthy.
