ABSTRACT
In this chapter, I examine several alterative theories of argument, with special emphasis
on the theory of appraisal. Several such types exist. I discuss dialogue logics briefly in
the next section. Toulmin-type theories hold that the significant standards are field-
dependent. I examine three forms of field theory. Another well-developed alternative
theory that bears examination is the Pragma-dialectical approach of van Eemeren and
Grootendorst (1992), which does not represent itself as a logical approach but that clearly
intends to be a theory of argumentation. Last, I want to look, only briefly, at Willard’s
(1989) theory of argument-a very different approach to argument coming out of the
disciplines of rhetoric and speech communication.
