ABSTRACT
Educational Testing Service (ETS) has been doing research in writing assessment since its founding in 1947. ETS administered the Naval Academy English Examination and the Foreign Service Examination as early as 1948 (Educational Testing Service, 1949-1950), and the Advanced Placement (AP) essay exam was administered in the spring of 1956. Some of the earliest research in writing assessment laid the foundation for holistic scoring-a scoring methodology used currently by ETS for large-scale writing assessments (see Coward, 1950 and Huddleston, 1952).
