ABSTRACT
Among many organizations in the world, only a small number have persisted for hundreds of years. Even large, successful companies hardly hold out longer than an average of 40 years; long-living organizations try to anticipate what is going to happen and avoid crises (De Geus, 2002; Georgantzas & Acar, 1995). With growing socioeconomic, political, and technological challenges, organizations have recognized that how well and promptly they adapt has become a source of competitive advantage, and have reoriented their goals and missions from making profits to staying in harmony with the environment (Aldrich, 1979; De Geus, 2002; Govindarajan & Gupta, 2001; Mintzberg, 1989, 1990).
