ABSTRACT
Systems ...................................................................................................... 497
14.2 Conditions for Equilibrium in the Absence of External Fields................ 499
14.3 Conditions for Equilibrium in the Presence of External Fields ............... 501
14.3.1 Potential Energy of a Continuous System ................................... 502
14.3.2 Conditions for Equilibrium .......................................................... 504
14.3.3 Equilibrium in a Gravitational Field ............................................ 506
14.3.4 Equilibrium in a Centrifugal Field............................................... 509
14.3.5 Equilibrium in an Electrostatic Field ........................................... 510
14.4 The Gradient Energy in Nonuniform Systems ......................................... 513
14.5 Summary.................................................................................................... 518
References............................................................................................................. 521
In treating equilibria between phases in earlier chapters it has been tacitly
assumed that the intensive properties within a phase are uniform. In assigning a
value T
to the a phase, it is assumed that the a phase can be described by a
single value of the temperature which is characteristic of that part of the system.
This same assumption has been made for pressure, P
