ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 6.1 Introduction-Physical and Chemical Properties ....................................................... 157 6.2 Determination of Halogens and Their Derivatives in Water Analysis.................... 159
6.2.1 Active Chlorine ..................................................................................................... 160 6.2.1.1 Detection.................................................................................................. 160 6.2.1.2 Quantitative Determination of Free Chlorine
in Water Samples ................................................................................... 161 6.2.2 Chlorine Dioxide................................................................................................... 168
6.2.2.1 Chlorine Dioxide Determination......................................................... 168 6.2.3 Chloride.................................................................................................................. 172
6.2.3.1 Detection.................................................................................................. 173 6.2.3.2 Determination......................................................................................... 173
6.2.4 Fluoride .................................................................................................................. 180 6.2.4.1 Detection.................................................................................................. 181 6.2.4.2 Quantitative Determination of Fluoride Content
in Water Samples ................................................................................... 181 6.2.5 Bromide .................................................................................................................. 187
6.2.5.1 Determination of Bromide Content of Waters.................................. 188 6.2.5.2 Spectrophotometric Method Based on Rosaniline Reagent............ 188 6.2.5.3 Electrometric Bromide Measuring Methods ..................................... 189 6.2.5.4 Determination with Preconcentration Step ....................................... 190
6.2.6 Iodide ...................................................................................................................... 191 6.2.6.1 Bromide and Iodide Determination.................................................... 192 6.2.6.2 Iodine Determinations .......................................................................... 192
6.3 Application of Ion Chromatography............................................................................. 193 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 197 References ................................................................................................................................... 197
The halogens-fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine-form the 17 or VIIa column of the periodic table of elements. Only one isotope of fluorine and iodine appears in nature; however, chlorine and bromine have two natural isotopes (35Cl-75.77% and 37Cl-24.23%; 79Br-50.69%, 81Br-49.31%). Astatine does not appear in nature or water
samples in a detectable concentration. Different radioactive astatine isotopes with short lifetime are formed in natural radioactive decomposition reactions; however, total astatine amount in the external pedosphere is in the milligram range. The analysis of astatine or its compounds in water samples has no practical importance.
