ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 16.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 409 16.2 Classification and Chemical Characterization ........................................................... 410 16.3 EPA Methods and Other Official Methods ................................................................ 410 16.4 Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Water....... 412
16.4.1 Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet and Diode-Array Detections ................................................................................... 413
16.4.2 Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection ......................... 413 16.4.3 Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection .............................. 415 16.4.4 Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection .................. 416
16.5 Gas Chromatographic Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Water ............ 416 16.6 Alternative Separation Techniques.............................................................................. 418 16.7 Nonchromatographic Techniques................................................................................ 419 16.8 Sample Preparation Procedures ................................................................................... 419
16.8.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction ................................................................................ 420 16.8.1.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Combination with HPLC............. 420 16.8.1.2 LLE in Combination with GC........................................................ 420
16.8.2 Solid-Phase Extraction...................................................................................... 421 16.8.3 Solid-Phase Microextraction............................................................................ 425 16.8.4 Liquid-Phase Microextraction......................................................................... 427 16.8.5 Supported Liquid Membrane Extraction ...................................................... 429 16.8.6 Others.................................................................................................................. 430
16.9 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 430 References ................................................................................................................................... 430
Phenolic compounds are ubiquitous in the environment coming from different sources such as manufacturing processes used in the plastic, dye, drug, antioxidant, and pesticide industries. Chloro-and nitrophenols are the main degradation products of many chlorinated phenoxy acid and organophosphorus pesticides, respectively [1,2]. These compounds are of particular interest and concern to the environment because they are toxic to most aquatic organisms [3,4]. Moreover, they affect the taste and odor of both water and fish even at very low concentrations of phenolic compounds in water [5]. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has listed 11 phenols as priority pollutants [6].
European Community (EC) legislation states that the maximum admissible concentration of phenols in water intended for human consumption is less than 0:5 mg=L for the total content and 0:1 mg=L for the individual compounds [7], while in bathing water the maximum admissible value is 5 mg=L [8]. To evaluate the risks these compounds pose, a rapid and reliable process for their determination is therefore necessary.
