ABSTRACT
Greek Letters ................................................................................................................................................................. 229 References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 229
of the of the membrane, the imposed operating and hydrodynamic conditions, and the nature of the feed. This chapter describes methods available to enhance performance by various techniques, mainly hydrodynamic but also chemical and physical. The focus is on the liquid-based membrane processes where performance is characterized by attainable flux, fouling control, and separation capabilities. The techniques discussed include secondary flows, flow channel spacers, pulsed flow, two-phase flow, high shear devices, electromagnetic effects, and ultrasound.
