ABSTRACT
Membranes may be hastily classified according to the driving force at the origin of the transport process: (1) a pressure differential leads to micro-, ultra-, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis; (2) a difference of concentration across the membrane leads to diffusion of a species between two solutions (dialysis); and (3) an electric potential difference applied to an ionexchange membrane (IEM) leads to migration of ions through the membrane (electrodialysis, membrane electrolysis, and electrochemical devices) [1,2].
